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Brulé Naudet

Legally, it remains an apparently esoteric fact that there is no strict legal definition of money. The Monetary and Financial Code offers a vague formula: "The currency of France is the euro," without providing precise suggestions for determining its quality. Given this legal uncertainty, several questions arise: what attributes, if any, are necessary for an object to acquire this quality? Must money be subject to specific formalities for its transmission or creation? What are the origins of modern currencies?

In this matter, law and economics are no longer the only fields dealing with monetary prerogatives, and it has become essential for jurists to rigorously assess the implications of technological deployment in value exchanges. From this perspective, and in a surprising approach to legal standards, we argue that while the material existence of a right can be confirmed by a regime that provides for it, the realistic anchoring of this right is often overlooked, requiring a clear demonstration of practical issues. Thus, complementing economists' approaches, we must consider whether the reciprocal influence between law and economic reality as seen in practices can offer conclusions about the monetary quality acquisition of cryptocurrencies.

Throughout this reflection, we have examined the accession to monetary quality by cryptocurrencies, through the complex study of their functional, organic, and symbolic attributes, and the influence of law on practices. From a fundamentally empirical approach, it results that the qualification issue remains complex: on one hand, cryptocurrencies would crystallize the essential functional sub-criteria for monetary qualification; on the other hand, they would be unequivocally rejected by domestic law, emphasizing the organic criterion tied to the requirement of legal tender, which we have nuanced in a comparative approach. Nonetheless, it is clear that cryptocurrency conforms to a contractual money quality, endowed with its own characteristics.

From the perspective of a symbolic criterion, we have attempted to demonstrate at the interface of economics and law that the liberatory power attached to a monetary object can emerge from usages, conditioned by the prevailing legal regime and regulatory attempts aimed at limiting its development or adoption. Our reasoning is based on a critical study of the legal framework's consequences, particularly fiscal, on practices, carefully examining its limits and confronting it with innovations still unforeseen by doctrine, law, or jurisprudence. It follows that in the current state of positive law, cryptocurrency benefits from a halfway qualification, leading to significant difficulties in assessment.

Consult on ResearchGate: The Monetary Quality of Cryptocurrencies in the Light of Positive Law
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Despite the unprecedented availability of legislative texts and doctrine thanks to the internet, 88% of the French population acknowledged in 2014 that justice was too complex. In response, the last decade has seen the emergence of new considerations for producing legal content, placing the subject at the center of reflection. The seemingly esoteric idea of visual law has found application in private organizations (clear structuring of user manuals, illustrating risks associated with abnormal use of dangerous products...), leading to intuitively irresistible insights: if law were not just letters, what would its comprehension be like? Contrary to trends towards simplified legal language, this research aims to study the influence of visual modeling (functional diagrams, concept classification in tables, highlighting logical elements within statements...) on cognitive mechanisms of legal comprehension, to empirically test hypotheses favorable to deploying legal design in practice.

As comprehensive research, a pertinent methodology would involve examining a controlled environment, assessing a cohort's performance in solving practical cases, supplemented by electroencephalographic analysis to measure the role of inputs in legal reasoning quality and the nature of cognitive interactions in understanding logical and non-logical legal elements. Within a multi-paradigm approach enriched by a corpus study aligned with the theoretical context of a relationship between neuroscience and law, an ambitious experimental contribution could entail recommendations for designing algorithmic devices bio-inspired by the human brain. The research stakes are multiple: alerting the legal community (professors, legal professionals...) to the relevance of such models, and enabling the development of new natural language processing applications by economic actors, particularly using convolutional neural networks for image processing in inference processes. This research integrates into a resolutely prescriptive dimension, with a primary contribution in predictive justice projects and automated legal and tax information processing, aiming to reduce the likelihood of syntactic ambiguities, natural language products, leading to potentially erroneous conclusions.

Consult on ResearchGate: Cognition and Law: Studying Representations through the Lens of the Need for Comprehensibility
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This reflection aims to elucidate the contribution of mathematical science methodology in directing legal thought in the 17th century through the analysis of German, French, and English literature, concerning the development of axiomatics and the compositional method for understanding law. Giving significant attention to Baconian analysis of the separation of bodies and the transitivity of legal concepts luminously presented by Althusius, it revisits the gradual alteration of scholasticism promoted by Descartes, the advent of the compositional method, and the birth of natural law, concluding with a deeper study of Specimina juris developed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and his influence on Wolff's work.

Consult on HAL: The Emergence of a Scientific Approach to Law
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It is now known that, linguistically, the practice of writing allows for the fundamentalization of an operational relationship distinct from orality between the parties, source of unique performative qualities, arising from high-level sociological integration of the commitment relationship, in addition to the primitive function of an object with probative value and the ability to disseminate obligation relationships to third parties. Rooted in institutional practice as a process, a precise definition of its essence can be found within the contributions of the law of March 13, 2000, which states: "Literal proof, or proof by writing, results from a sequence of letters, characters, numbers, or any other signs or symbols with intelligible meaning, regardless of their medium and transmission methods." The digitization of legal professions is now a consensus, and most practitioners will admit that the electronic version is just a step in a journey where paper still holds an essential place. Despite the undeniable qualities recognized to electronics, it would be esoteric not to consider a real articulation of supports, with the elementary object being the immutability and integrity of the documentary act. While orthodox contractual techniques seem to rely more on "WYSIWYG" software, this methodological work aims to present a brief study of the potential of document composition engines for contract law practice, particularly for producing systematic resources in business law and social law.

Consult on HAL: Applied Research on the Contribution of LaTeX in Systematic Contractual Techniques for the Law of Obligations
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